Europe’s dense network of Public Research Organisations carries out work of the highest standards. Its knowledge creation capacity (particularly of universities) has traditionally been measured by the number and quality of publications and trained students that emerge. In this “Open Science Model”, researchers collaborate closely, but often without regard to securing wider economic value and social benefits from the knowledge they are creating.

Today, and particularly in Europe, more attention is being given to realising achieving this value and benefits. The trend towards new patterns of innovation (often referred to as Open Innovation [5]) highlights that such new opportunities exist and can be realised.